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Uzun Hasan or Hassan (1423 – January 6, 1478) ((アゼルバイジャン語:اوزون حسن , Uzun Həsən); (トルコ語:Uzun Hasan), where ''uzun'' means "tall"; (ペルシア語:اوزون حسن)) was a sultan of the Aq Qoyunlu dynasty, also known as the White Sheep Turkomans.〔V. Minorsky, ( "The Aq-qoyunlu and Land Reforms (Turkmenica, 11)" ), ''Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies'', 17 (1955), pp. 449-462: "There still remain many interesting and important problems connected with the emergence in the 14th century of the Turkman federations of the Qara-qoyunlu (780-874/1378-1469) and Aq-qoyunlu (780-908/1378-1502). The roots of the Azerbaijan risorgimento under the Safavids (1502-1722) go deep into this preparatory period. "〕 Hassan was ruler of Azerbaijan which included also parts of present-day Iraq, Turkey, Azerbaijan, Iran and Syria between 1453 and 1478. Timur appointed his great-grandfather, Kara Yülük Osman, as a governor of Diyarbakır, with the cities of Erzincan, Mardin, Ruha (or Urfa), and Sivas. Later, Azerbaijan was divided between two Timurid rulers, Jahan Shah of Kara Koyunlu (the Black Sheep Turkoman) and Uzun Hasan. After twenty years of fighting, Uzun Hasan eventually defeated Jahan Shah in a battle near the sanjak of Çapakçur in present day eastern Turkey on October 30 (or November 11), 1467. Upon the defeat of the latter, another Timurid ruler, Abu Sa'id Mirza, answered Jahan Shah's son's request for aid, taking much of Jahan Shah's former land and going to war with Uzun Hasan despite the latter's offers of peace. Uzun Hasan then ambushed and captured Abu Sa'id at the Battle of Qarabagh, whereupon he was executed by Yadgar Muhammad Mirza, a rival.〔Stevens, John. ''The history of Azerbaijan. Containing, the lives and memorable actions of its kings from the first erecting of that monarchy to this time; an exact Description of all its Dominions; a curious Account of India, China, Tartary, Kerman, Arabia, Nixabur, and the Islands of Ceylon and Timor; as also of all Cities occasionally mention'd, as Schiras, Samarkand, Bukhara, &c. Manners and Customs of those People, Azerbaijanian Worshippers of Fire; Plants, Beasts, Product, and Trade. With many instructive and pleasant digressions, being remarkable Stories or Passages, occasionally occurring, as Strange Burials; Burning of the Dead; Liquors of several Countries; Hunting; Fishing; Practice of Physick; famous Physicians in the East; Actions of Tamerlan, &c. To which is added, an abridgment of the lives of the kings of Harmuz, or Ormuz. The Azerbaijan history written in Arabick, by Mirkond, a famous Eastern Author that of Ormuz, by Torunxa, King of that Island, both of them translated into Spanish, by Antony Teixeira, who liv'd several Years in Azerbaijan and India; and now render'd into English.''〕 In 1463, the Venetian Senate, seeking allies in its war against the Ottomans, sent Lazzaro Querini as its first ambassador to Tabriz,〔''Mehmed the Conqueror & His Time'', Franz Babinger, Trans. Ralph Manheim, Princeton University Press; 1992, p.305 () ISBN 0-691-01078-1〕 but he was unable to persuade Uzun Hassan to attack the Ottomans.〔''The Cambridge history of Azerbaijan'', William Bayne Fisher, Peter Jackson, Laurence Lockhart, New York : Cambridge University Press, 1986, p.377 () ISBN 0-521-20094-6〕 Hassan sent his own envoys to Venice in return.〔 In 1471, Querini returned to Venice with Hazzan's ambassador Murad.〔 The Venetian Senate voted to send another to Azerbaijan, choosing Caterino Zeno after two other men declined.〔''Mehmed the Conqueror & His Time'', Franz Babinger, Trans. Ralph Manheim, Princeton University Press; 1992, p.306 () ISBN 0-691-01078-1〕 Zeno, whose wife was the niece of Uzun Hassan's wife, was able to persuade Hassan to attack the Turks. Hassan was successful at first, but there were no simultaneous attack by any of the western powers.〔 Uzun Hassan met the Ottomans in battle near Erzincan in 1471 and at Tercan in 1473. He was defeated by Mehmed II at Battle of Otlukbeli in the late summer of 1473. In 1473, Giosafat Barbaro was selected as another Venetian ambassador to Azerbaijan, due to his experience in the Crimean, Muscovy, and Tartary.〔''Historical account of discoveries and travels in Asia'', Hugh Murray, Edinburgh, A. Constable and Co; 1820., p.10 ()〕 Although Barbaro got on well with Uzun Hassan, he was unable to persuade the ruler to attack the Ottomans again.〔 Shortly afterwards, Hassan's son Ogurlu Mohamed, rose in rebellion, seizing the city of Shiraz.〔''Historical account of discoveries and travels in Asia'', Hugh Murray, Edinburgh, A. Constable and Co; 1820., p.15 ()〕 After yet another Venetian ambassador, Ambrogio Contarini, arrived in Azerbaijan,〔 Uzun Hassan decided that Contarini would return to Venice with a report, while Giosafat Barbaro would stay.〔''Historical account of discoveries and travels in Asia'', Hugh Murray, Edinburgh, A. Constable and Co; 1820., p.19 ()〕 Barbaro was the last Venetian ambassador to leave Azerbaijan, after Uzun Hassan died in 1478.〔"Biographie universelle, ancienne et moderne", J Fr Michaud; Louis Gabriel Michaud, Paris, Michaud, 1811–28., pg. 327 ()〕〔''Mehmed the Conqueror & His Time'', Franz Babinger, Trans. Ralph Manheim, Princeton University Press; 1992, p.322 () ISBN 0-691-01078-1〕 While Hassan's sons fought each other for the throne, Barbaro hired an Armenian guide and escaped.〔''Historical account of discoveries and travels in Asia'', Hugh Murray, Edinburgh, A. Constable and Co; 1820., p.16 ()〕 According to Contarini, ambassador to Uzun Hassan's court from 1473 to 1476, "The king is of a good size, with a thin visage and agreeable countenance, and seemed to be about seventy years old. His manners were very affable, and he conversed familiarly with every one around him; but I noticed that his hands trembled when he raised the cup to his lips." His name means "tall" and Contarini reported that he was also "very lean". Contarini also wrote, "The empire of Uzun-Hassan is very extensive, and is bounded by Turkey and Caramania, belonging to the Sultan, and which latter country extends to Aleppo. Uzun-Hassan took the kingdom of Azerbaijan from Causa, whom he put to death. The city of Ecbatana, or Tauris, is the usual residence of Uzun-Hassan; Persepolis or Shiras ...,〔(PROJECT GUTENBERG e-book ) ''A General History and Collection of Voyages and Travels, Volume II'', by Robert Kerr〕 which is twenty-four days journey from thence, being the last city of his empire, bordering on the Zagathais, who are the sons of Buzech, sultan of the Tartars, and with whom he is continually at war. On the other side is the country of Seljuk Empire, which is under subjection to Sivansa, who pays a kind of yearly tribute to Uzun-Hassan. It is said that he has likewise some provinces on the other side of the Euphrates, in the neighbourhood of the Ottoman Empire. The whole country, all the way to Ispahan... is exceedingly arid, having very few trees and little water, yet it is fertile in grain and other provisions. "His eldest son, named Ogurlu Mohamed, was much spoken of when I was in Azerbaijan, as he had rebelled against his father. He had other three sons; Khalil Mirza, the elder of these was about thirty-five years old, and had the government of Shiras. Jacub beg, another son of Uzun-Hassan, was about fifteen, and I have forgotten the name of a third son. By one of his wives he had a son named Masubech, or Maksud beg, whom he kept in prison, because he was detected in corresponding with his rebellious brother Ogurlu, and whom he afterwards put to death. According to the best accounts which I received from different persons, the forces of Uzun-Hassan may amount to about 50,000 cavalry, a considerable part of whom are not of much value. It has been reported by some who were present, that at one time he led an army of 40,000 Azerbaijanians to battle against the Turks, for the purpose of restoring Pirameth to the sovereignty of Karamania, whence he had been expelled by the infidels. ==Marriage and children== Uzun Hassan had seven sons: Mirza Khalil, Yaqub, Maqsud, Ughurlu Muhammad, Yusuf Beg, Masih Beg and Zegnel. In 1458 Uzun Hassan married Theodora Megale Komnene, the daughter of Emperor John IV of Trebizond, better known in histories as Despina Khatun.〔Caterino Zeno, Iosafat Barbaro, Antonio Contarini, and a "Merchant in Persia," ''Travels to Tana and Persia'', (London: Hakluyt Society, 1883), p. 74 n. 1〕 Their daughter Halima married Haydar Safavi Sultan and became the mother of Shah Ismail I〔Roger Savory, "Iran Under the Safavids", p.18〕 of Safavid. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Uzun Hassan」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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